关于重力的信息将在几天后出现在这里，请大家耐心等待。
Four weeks have passed, thank you all for your understanding and patience.
Gravity was perhaps one of the first known fundamental interactions of matter, introduced to humanity in the form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation (interestingly, the universe also “became acquainted” with gravity before strong, weak, and electromagnetism interactions). More than a century later, Coulomb’s inverse-square law appeared. About a century later, James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism. The other two (the last known ones today) fundamental interactions became known almost a century later, in the 20th century (the weak nuclear force in 1933 and the strong nuclear force in 1971). Why were specific years deliberately given for the weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force? Because both the Special Theory of Relativity (1905) and the General Theory of Relativity (1915) were discovered before 1933. During this period, only two interactions were known, both inverse-square laws, and both had infinite range. This temptation was immense, leading to years of unsuccessful attempts to unify gravity and electromagnetism. Typically, when describing gravity, a brief historical overview is given, with the bulk of the discussion being a detailed exposition of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (either the field theory or the geometric theory) and a bit of cosmology as the icing on the cake. So, a brief historical overview of the understanding of gravity. At first glance, half of the discoveries and public assumptions made so far seem unrelated to gravity, but this is only the appearance of it. Modification of the equations of general relativity.
So, the main historical dates and discoveries:
1687 – Law of universal gravitation, Newton
1778 – Measured value of G, Cavendish
1862 – Maxwell–Heaviside equations, Maxwell–Heaviside
1889 – Speed factor from Maxwell’s equations, Heaviside
1891 – Precision measured value of G, Poynting
1895 – Three possible explanations for this relative contraction, Lorentz
1901 – Planck units, Planck
1905 – Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein
1908 – Spacetime, Minkowski
1915 – General Theory of Relativity, Einstein
1916 – Exact solution in general relativity, Schwarzschild
1917 – Static Model of the Universe, Einstein
1922 – Quantum Spin, Stern–Gerlach
1922 – Nonstatic Model of the Universe, Friedman
1928 – Dirac equation, Dirac
1951 – CPT theorem, Schwinger
1958 – Contraterrene matter, Zwicky
19xx – Modification of the equations of general relativity
…
The Scientific Revolution culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Newton. This was the beginning of gravity, but it still did not have a gravitational constant, G. The first indirect measurement of the gravitational constant, G, was made only in 1778 by Cavendish. In those days, rapid communication between scientists was not possible, so it is not surprising that a precise measured value of G was not achieved until 1891 by Poynting. The next “stop” in gravity was 1915, the year of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. Almost immediately, in 1916, Schwarzschild presented an exact solution in general relativity. In 1917, Einstein’s description of the Static Model of the Universe appeared, and in 1922, Friedman’s description of the Nonstatic Model of the Universe followed. Years of trial and error, more trial and error, and more error. But this still didn’t bring humanity any closer to the desired goal — the creation of a gravity-powered aircraft (Vimanas Nextday). But not everything was so bleak. Research in areas of physics other than gravity continued for at least a century and a half…